The core idea: each dimension emerges from the previous one by arranging infinite instances perpendicularly. A static 3D space can't do this to itself — but a rotating one can. That perpetual self-perpendicularity is time.

From this we can derive the Lorentz factor, E=mc², and the Schwarzschild radius, and propose a testable prediction: intrinsic rotation should contribute independently to time dilation, measurable with atomic clocks.

Essay (accessible): https://lisajguo.substack.com/p/time-as-the-fourth-dimension... Paper (Zenodo): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18910834