Changing `content_scripts.run_at` to "document_end" in the extension's manifest corrects the issue. I suspect `document.collectMatchingElementsInFlatTree()` is a Safari API feature that won't make it to Chrome any time soon. A proper fix might also replace the recursive loop in `content_script.js::querySelectorAllIncludingWithinShadowRoots()` with an async loop to avoid blocking the main event loop for so long.
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/icloud-passwords/pejdijmoenmkgeppbflobdenhhabjlaj